• Educationalization of media entrepreneurship: integration of entrepreneurial thinking into media curricula and institutional support to develop industry-ready skills, reflecting changing career paths and the rise of startup-like ventures [7], [1], [15], [16], [19], [20].

• Co-creative labour and consumer participation: media value increasingly arises from user-generated content, co-created experiences, and participatory platforms shaping both economies and cultures [2], [3], [12].

• Characterization and typology of media innovations: field-level distinctions and adoption characteristics that set media innovations apart from other sectors [4], [11], [12], [8].

• Financialization and investment logics in media: capital flows, funding constraints, and new revenue models that influence consolidation and strategic decisions [18], [19], [20], [9], [8].

• Entrepreneurship as process and ecosystem: converging individual entrepreneurial activity with institutional, policy, and social-innovation contexts to explain growth of media ventures [15], [16], [14], [17].